• NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase

• oxoglutarate dehydrogenase

• ATP:citrate lyase

• pyruvate carboxylase

• phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

• uncoupling protein 1

• carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2

• pyruvate dehydrogenase

• glucokinase

• glutamate:oxaloacetic transaminase

• argininosuccinate synthetase

• malate dehydrogenase

1. A gene expressed in adipocytes where transcription increases markedly on refeeding a high carbohydrate diet after prolonged fasting.

2. A gene that is activated by cold exposure whose expression requires thyroxin and 3'5' cyclic AMP.

3. A gene expressed in liver tissue in response to insulin whose protein product has a significantly low affinity for its substrate.

4. A gene whose transcription increases during fasting in response to 3'5' cyclic AMP.

5. A gene expressed principally in liver tissue whose activity increases on feeding a high-protein diet.

• glutamate dehydrogenase

• phosphofructokinase 2

• HMG-CoA reductase

• citrate synthase

• glycogen phosphorylase

• triglyceride lipase

• pyruvate dehydrogenase

• acetyl CoA carboxylase 2

• hexokinase

• pyruvate kinase

• glycerol kinase

• HMG-CoA lyase

1. An enzyme that is activated by a protein kinase cascade and is also directly activated by 5'AMP.

2. A mitochondrial enzyme that is inactivated by a protein kinase.

3. An enzyme present in adipocytes that is activated by protein kinase A.

4. An enzyme whose inactivation by 5'AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) promotes fatty acid oxidation.

5. A bi-functional enzyme present in liver whose activity is switched from kinase to phosphatase after phosphorylation by protein kinase A.

• adipocyte cytosol

• adipocyte mitochondria

• brain neurones

• cardiac cytosol

• cardiac mitochondrial matrix space

• enterocytes

• kidney mitochondria

• liver cytosol

• liver mitochondrial matrix space

• liver smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• mitochondrial intermembrane space

• skeletal muscle

1. Cholesterol biosynthesis.

2. Acetoacetate biosynthesis.

3. Chylomicron biosynthesis.

4. Urea formation.

5. Myokinase reaction.

• acetyl-CoA carboxylase

• fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

• glucokinase

• glucose-6-phosphatase

• glycogen synthetase

• hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase

• "malic" enzyme

• ornithine transcarbamylase

• phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

• pyruvate carboxylase

• pyruvate kinase

• pyruvate dehydrogenase

1. An enzyme present in human liver, both mitochondria and cytosol, where expression the cytosolic version is controlled by a cyclic AMP response element binding protein [CREB].

2. An ATP-dependent enzyme present in human liver cytosol that is strongly activated by citrate ions.

3. A cytosolic enzyme where the liver isoenzyme, but not the muscle version, is inactivated by protein kinase A.

4. An enzyme induced by 3'5' cyclic AMP that is located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in liver.

5. A cytosolic enzyme that supplies about half of the NADPH required for lipogenesis.

• adrenalin

• amylin

• cholecystokinin

• cortisol

• glucagon

• glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

• growth hormone

• insulin

• leptin

• somatostatin

• thyroxin

• TNF-α

1. A hormone that acts slowly to raise blood glucose concentrations and also has a powerful immunosuppressive effect.

2. A hormone that slowly increases alertness and basal metabolic rate.

3. A hormone produced by the duodenum which increases pancreatic enzyme output and signals satiation.

4. A hormone secreted by modified nerve terminals in response to low blood glucose concentrations.

5. A hormone produced in the pancreas that stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis.

• atherosclerosis

• Crohn's disease

• cholelithiasis

• Graves disease

• homocysteinemia

• hypertension

• ketoacidosis

• lung cancer

• osteoarthritis

• peptic ulcers

• type 2 diabetes

• acromegaly

1. A condition associated with obesity that is often treated by salt-restriction, diuretics, and / or beta blockers, calcium antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

2. An independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases that shows little correlation with obesity.

3. Mechanical loads associated with obesity may cause this condition in weight-bearing joints.

4. A problem caused by solid semi-crystaline objects that is associated with obesity (or rapid weight loss) especially in women.

5. Condition characterised by abnormal deposits containing cholesterol, smooth muscle cells and macrophages that is associated with obesity.

• colon

• duodenum

• exocrine pancreas

• gall bladder

• gastric glands

• ileum

• incretin

• liver

• portal vein

• pylorus

• salivary glands

• villus

1. A signal that reduces gastric motility and increases insulin output from the pancreatic islets.

2. Most of the digestive enzymes are synthesised here.

3. An important glucose monitoring centre is located here.

4. Physically controls the output of chyme from the stomach.

5. This part of the gut is specialised for salt and water resorption rather than nutrients.

• anterior pituitary*

• arcuate nucleus

• forebrain

• glossopharyngeal nerve

• hypothalamus

• medulla oblongata

• NPY / AGRP neurones

• optic chiasma

• POMC / CART neurones

• solitary tract

• sympathetic ganglia

• vagus nerve

1. A major orexigenic signalling pathway in the hypothalamus.

2. Most of the leptin receptors are located here.

3. Carries most of the signals to and from the tongue and salivary glands.

4. A major anorexigenic pathway in the hypothalamus.

5. Integrates many of the nervous signals coming from the GI tract, and issues simple instructions to the digestive system.

• corticotropin

• dopamine

• ghrelin

• leutenising hormone

• melanocyte stimulating hormone

• neuropeptide Y

• oxytocin

• prolactin

• somatostatin

• somatotropin

• thyrotropin

• vasopressin

1. The hormone that stimulates steroid production in the adrenal glands.

2. The hormone that stimulates the production of thyroxin.

3. The hormone that indirectly favours the retention of protein stores, blocks carbohydrate utilisation in many tissues and increases the mobilisation of fat.

4. A peptide that is produced both in the brain and in the pancreatic islets, which inhibits the production of several pituitary and pancreatic hormones.

5. A wake-up call from an empty stomach!

• acetyl CoA carboxylase

• 5'AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK)

• carnitine acyl transferase

• glutathione peroxidase

• lipoprotein lipase

• mobilising lipase

• pancreatic lipase

• PPAR-α

• superoxide dismutase

• thermogenin (UCP1)

• uncoupling protein 2

• uncoupling protein 3

1. The protein that catalyses the proton leak in brown adipose tissue mitochondria.

2. The enzyme initially responsible for the breakdown of stored fats.

3. The enzyme that is inhibited by the anti-obesity drug orlistat.

4. The enzyme that degrades chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in the bloodstream.

5. A protein that helps to minimise the production of reactive oxygen species during episodes of rapid fat oxidation.

• C-reactive protein

• immunoglobulins

• plasma triglycerides

• serum bilirubin

• atherosclerosis

• HDL cholesterol

• cholelithiasis

• steatorrhea

• serum albumin

• LDL cholesterol

• plasma insulin

• free fatty acids

1. Reduced concentration of a blood component.

2. A common side-effect of drug therapy.

3. Increased output of a liver protein.

4. A major contributor to changes in blood pressure.

5. An important signal that is largely ignored.