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Supplementary Information
Gram staining:
- Cells are heat-fixed onto a microscope slide.
- The slide is treated with crystal violet, then an iodine solution.
All cells appear blue black at this stage.
- Acetone is used to remove the crystal violet-iodine complex from
Gram-negative cells. Only Gram-positive cells can be easily seen at
this stage.
- Gram-negative cells are counterstained with the red dye carbol
fuchsin, so that they, too, may be easily seen.
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